ABSTRACT
Resumen Los autoanticuerpos anticitocinas (ACAA) han sido reportados como causa importante de inmunodeficiencias secundarias. Altos títulos de autoanticuerpos neutralizantes pueden causar susceptibilidad a diferentes enfermedades infecciosas potencialmente mortales. Por ejemplo, se ha informado que autoanticuerpos neutralizantes contra IFNγ se correlacionan con susceptibilidad a infecciones micobacterianas y patógenos fúngicos intracelulares. Autoanticuerpos contra IL-6 se detectaron en pacientes con abscesos subcutáneos y celulitis estafilocócica recurrente; asimismo, pacientes con criptococosis, nocardiosis y proteinosis alveolar pulmonar fueron positivos a autoanticuerpos contra GM-CSF. También se ha establecido una relación entre los autoanticuerpos contra IL-17 e IL-22 y las infecciones crónicas por Candida en mucosas, que se han identificado en pacientes con poliendocrinopatía autoinmune tipo 1 o timoma. Recientemente se han reportado autoanticuerpos contra interferón tipo I durante el inicio de COVID-19 aguda. Estos ACAA se asemejan a defectos genéticos en citocinas o en sus rutas de señalización. Por ello, pueden considerarse fenocopias de inmunodeficiencias primarias. De esta forma, la detección de ACAA podría ser importante en el diagnóstico, particularmente en pacientes con enfermedades de aparición tardía, para decidir los tratamientos apropiados. Esta revisión presenta una descripción general de la comprensión actual de las inmunodeficiencias secundarias asociadas a ACAA.
Abstract Anti-cytokine autoantibodies (ACAA) have been reported to be an important cause of secondary immunodeficiencies. High titers of neutralizing autoantibodies may cause susceptibility to different life-threatening infectious diseases. For example, neutralizing autoantibodies against IFNγ have been reported to be correlated with susceptibility to mycobacterial infections and intracellular fungal pathogens. Autoantibodies against IL-6 were detected in patients with subcutaneous abscesses and recurrent staphylococcal cellulitis; on the other hand, patients with cryptococcosis, nocardiosis, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis were positive for autoantibodies to GM-CSF. A relationship has also been established between autoantibodies against IL-17 and IL-22 and chronic mucosal Candida infections, which have been identified in patients with APECED or thymoma. Autoantibodies against type-I IFN have been recently reported during the onset of acute COVID-19. These ACAAs resemble genetic defects in cytokines or their signaling pathways. Therefore, they may be considered to be primary immunodeficiencies phenocopies. Consequently, the detection of ACAA could be important in the diagnosis of patients, particularly in the case of late-onset diseases, in order to decide appropriate treatments. This review presents an overview of current understanding of ACAA-associated secondary immunodeficiencies.
ABSTRACT
Resumen El presente estudio evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana de extractos y aceites esenciales de Lippia graveolens y Lippia alba, frente a nueve cepas de Aeromonas spp., aisladas de Oreochromis niloticus. Los extractos crudos se obtuvieron por la técnica de percolación y a través de la extracción de CO2 supercrítico, mientras que los aceites esenciales se realizaron mediante la técnica de hidrodestilación empleando un equipo Clevenger. La actividad antimicrobiana para cada extracto y aceite esencial se verificó mediante el método de difusión en disco a las 24 horas. El aceite esencial de L. graveolens mostró mayor efectividad para inhibir patógenos bacterianos de peces (100%), en comparación con los extractos. Se obtuvo un diámetro de inhibición que osciló entre 25,20 a 36,94 mm. Los extractos de fluido supercrítico y de la técnica de percolación con acetato de etilo y ciclohexano presentaron la misma efectividad (77,78%). El extracto crudo obtenido con etanol al 95% mostró efecto antimicrobiano limitado (22,22%), presentando el menor halo de inhibición (8,34 y 9,57 mm). Por otro parte, L. alba mostró menor actividad antibacteriana. El aceite esencial inhibió únicamente el 66,67% de las bacterias patógenas, presentando un halo de inhibición que oscila entre 10,68 a 16,29 mm. El resultado de este estudio indica que los aceites esenciales de L. graveolens y L. alba son una alternativa prometedora para el control del crecimiento de Aeromonas spp.
Abstract This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Lippia graveolens and Lippia alba extracts and essential oils against nine strains of Aeromonas spp., isolated from Oreochromis niloticus. The crude extracts were obtained by percolation technique and CO2 supercritical fluid extraction, while the essential oils by applying hydro-distillation technique using a Clevenger apparatus. The antimicrobial activity for each extract and essential oils was verified through the disc diffusion method at 24 hours. The essential oil of L. graveolens showed higher effectiveness to inhibit fish bacterial pathogens (100%) than the extracts, revealing an inhibition zone diameter that ranged from 25.20 - 36.94 mm. The extracts from supercritical fluid and from the percolation technique with ethyl acetate and cyclohexane presented the same effectiveness (77.78%). The crude extract obtained with ethanol 95% showed limited antimicrobial effect (22.22%), presenting the smallest inhibition zone (ranged from 8.34 to 9.57 mm). On the other hand, L. alba displayed a lower antibacterial activity, being the essential oil 66.67% effective, presenting an inhibition zone ranging between 10.68 to 16.29 mm. The result of this study indicates that essential oils from both L. graveolens and L. alba offer a promising alternative for the control of Aeromonas spp. growth.
Resumo Neste estudo avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana de extratos e óleos essenciais de Lippia graveolens e Lippia alba, contra nove cepas de Aeromonas spp., isoladas de Oreochromis niloticus. Os extratos brutos foram obtidos pela técnica de percolação e por extração supercrítica com CO2, enquanto os óleos essenciais foram obtidos por hidrodestilação em aparelho tipo Clevenger. A atividade antimicrobiana para cada extrato e óleo essencial foi verificada pelo método de disco-difusão em 24 horas. O óleo essencial de L. graveolens apresentou maior eficácia na inibição de patógenos bacterianos em peixes (100%), comparado aos extratos. Obteve-se um diâmetro de halo de inibição que variou entre 25,20 e 36,94 mm. Os extratos do fluido supercrítico e da percolação com acetato de etila e ciclohexano apresentaram a mesma eficácia (77,78%). O extrato bruto obtido com etanol 95% apresentou efeito antimicrobiano limitado (22,22%), apresentando o menor diámetro de halo de inibição (8,34 e 9,57 mm). Por outro lado, L. alba apresentou menor atividade antibacteriana. O óleo essencial inibiu apenas 66,67% das bactérias patogênicas, apresentando um halo de inibição que varia de 10,68 a 16,29 mm de diámetro. Os resultados deste estudo indica que os óleos essenciais de L. graveolens e L. alba são uma alternativa promissora para o controle do crescimento de Aeromonas spp.
ABSTRACT
Four strains of Aujeszky's Disease virus (ADV) were included in this study; three Mexican field isolates (215,145 nad C-8) in conjunction with the shope reference strain of ADV, which has known pathogeic characteristics. All four strains were included in each treatment, which consisted of heat treatment, trypsin treatment and passed ten times on chicken embryo fibroblasts. Both virus titer and plaque size were determined on the first and tenth passage and on treated and untreated strains. On each of the treatments, the plaque size had significant differences (p=0.001) which had relation to the two factors studied, namely strains and passage level. There was no significant variation related to the type of treatment between strains. With the strains under study, the authors also made rabbit pathogenicity tests, and it was found that on passage one, the strains caused clear nerovus symptoms and death, while on the tenth passage elvel, the Mexican strains produced slight pruritus, few nervous symptoms and allowed the rabbits to survive. The mouse test revealed an increased median death time after the treatments, as well as a large increase in standard deviations. These data are interpreted as an increased heterogeneity of the strains in all of the treatments to the strains of viruses